Online Safety Act 2023 · PART 10 Communications offences

188 Sharing or threatening to share intimate photograph or film

s. 188 · in force: yes

Captured statutory text (L5)

188 Sharing or threatening to share intimate photograph or film

In the Sexual Offences Act 2003, after section 66A (inserted by section 187), insert—

Sharing or threatening to share intimate photograph or film(66B)

(1)A person (A) commits an offence if—

(a)A intentionally shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state,

(b)B does not consent to the sharing of the photograph or film, and

(c)A does not reasonably believe that B consents.

(2)A person (A) commits an offence if—

(a)A intentionally shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state,

(b)A does so with the intention of causing B alarm, distress or humiliation, and

(c)B does not consent to the sharing of the photograph or film.

(3)A person (A) commits an offence if—

(a)A intentionally shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state,

(b)A does so for the purpose of A or another person obtaining sexual gratification,

(c)B does not consent to the sharing of the photograph or film, and

(d)A does not reasonably believe that B consents.

(4)A person (A) commits an offence if—

(a)A threatens to share a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state, and

(b)A does so—

(i)with the intention that B or another person who knows B will fear that the threat will be carried out, or

(ii)being reckless as to whether B or another person who knows B will fear that the threat will be carried out.

(5)Subsections (1) to (4) are subject to section 66C (exemptions).

(6)For the purposes of subsections (1) to (3) and section 66C(3)(b)—

(a)“consent” to the sharing of a photograph or film includes general consent covering the particular act of sharing as well as specific consent to the particular act of sharing, and

(b)whether a belief is reasonable is to be determined having regard to all the circumstances including any steps A has taken to ascertain whether B consents.

(7)Where a person is charged with an offence under subsection (4), it is not necessary for the prosecution to prove—

(a)that the photograph or film mentioned in the threat exists, or

(b)if it does exist, that it is in fact a photograph or film which shows or appears to show a person in an intimate state.

(8)It is a defence for a person charged with an offence under subsection (1) to prove that the person had a reasonable excuse for sharing the photograph or film.

(9)A person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding the maximum term for summary offences or a fine (or both).

(10)A person who commits an offence under subsection (2), (3) or (4) is liable—

(a)on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding the general limit in a magistrates’ court or a fine (or both);

(b)on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years.

(11)In subsection (9) “the maximum term for summary offences” means—

(a)if the offence is committed before the time when section 281(5) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 comes into force, six months;

(b)if the offence is committed after that time, 51 weeks.

(12)If on the trial of a person charged with an offence under subsection (2) or (3) a magistrates’ court or jury finds the person not guilty of the offence charged, the magistrates’ court or jury may find the person guilty of an offence under subsection (1).

(13)The Crown Court has the same powers and duties in relation to a person who is by virtue of subsection (12) convicted before it of an offence under subsection (1) as a magistrates’ court would have on convicting the person of the offence.

Sharing or threatening to share intimate photograph or film: exemptions(66C)

(1)A person (A) who shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state does not commit an offence under section 66B(1), (2) or (3) if—

(a)the photograph or film was taken in a place to which the public or a section of the public had or were permitted to have access (whether on payment or otherwise),

(b)B had no reasonable expectation of privacy from the photograph or film being taken, and

(c)B was, or A reasonably believes that B was, in the intimate state voluntarily.

(2)For the purposes of subsection (1)(b), whether a person had a reasonable expectation of privacy from a photograph or film being taken is to be determined by reference to the circumstances that the person sharing the photograph or film reasonably believes to have existed at the time the photograph or film was taken.

(3)A person (A) who shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state does not commit an offence under section 66B(1), (2) or (3) if—

(a)the photograph or film had, or A reasonably believes that the photograph or film had, been previously publicly shared, and

(b)B had, or A reasonably believes that B had, consented to the previous sharing.

(4)A person (A) who shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state does not commit an offence under section 66B(1) if—

(a)B is a person under 16,

(b)B lacks, or A reasonably believes that B lacks, capacity to consent to the sharing of the photograph or film, and

(c)the photograph or film is shared—

(i)with a healthcare professional acting in that capacity, or

(ii)otherwise in connection with the care or treatment of B by a healthcare professional.

(5)A person who shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, a child in an intimate state does not commit an offence under section 66B(1) if the photograph or film is of a kind ordinarily shared between family and friends.

(6)A person who threatens to share a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person in an intimate state does not commit an offence under section 66B(4) if, by reason of this section, the person would not commit an offence under section 66B(1), (2) or (3) by sharing the photograph or film in the circumstances conveyed by the threat.

Sharing or threatening to share intimate photograph or film: interpretation(66D)

(1)This section applies for the purposes of sections 66B and 66C.

(2)A person “shares” something if the person, by any means, gives or shows it to another person or makes it available to another person.

(3)But a provider of an internet service by means of which a photograph or film is shared is not to be regarded as a person who shares it.

(4)“Photograph” and “film” have the same meaning as in section 66A (see subsections (3) to (5) of that section).

(5)Except where a photograph or film falls within subsection (8), a photograph or film shows, or appears to show, another person in an intimate state if it shows or appears to show—

(a)the person participating or engaging in an act which a reasonable person would consider to be a sexual act,

(b)the person doing a thing which a reasonable person would consider to be sexual,

(c)all or part of the person’s exposed genitals, buttocks or breasts,

(d)the person in an act of urination or defecation, or

(e)the person carrying out an act of personal care associated with the person’s urination, defecation or genital or anal discharge.

(6)For the purposes of subsection (5)(c) the reference to all or part of a person’s “exposed” genitals, buttocks or breasts includes—

(a)a reference to all or part of the person’s genitals, buttocks or breasts visible through wet or otherwise transparent clothing,

(b)the case where all or part of the person’s genitals, buttocks or breasts would be exposed but for the fact that they are covered only with underwear, and

(c)the case where all or part of the person’s genitals, buttocks or breasts would be exposed but for the fact that they are obscured, provided that the area obscured is similar to or smaller than an area that would typically be covered by underwear worn to cover a person’s genitals, buttocks or breasts (as the case may be).

(7)In subsection (6)(c) “obscured” means obscured by any means, other than by clothing that a person is wearing, including, in particular, by an object, by part of a person’s body or by digital alteration.

(8)A photograph or film falls within this subsection if (so far as it shows or appears to show a person in an intimate state) it shows or appears to show something, other than breastfeeding, that is of a kind ordinarily seen in public.

(9)For the purposes of subsection (8) “breastfeeding” includes the rearranging of clothing in the course of preparing to breastfeed or having just finished breastfeeding.

Full captured verbatim text

In the Sexual Offences Act 2003, after section 66A (inserted by section 187), insert—

Sharing or threatening to share intimate photograph or film(66B) (1) A person (A) commits an offence if—

(a) A intentionally shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state,

(b) B does not consent to the sharing of the photograph or film, and

(c) A does not reasonably believe that B consents.

(2) A person (A) commits an offence if—

(a) A intentionally shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state,

(b) A does so with the intention of causing B alarm, distress or humiliation, and

(c) B does not consent to the sharing of the photograph or film.

(3) A person (A) commits an offence if—

(a) A intentionally shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state,

(b) A does so for the purpose of A or another person obtaining sexual gratification,

(c) B does not consent to the sharing of the photograph or film, and

(d) A does not reasonably believe that B consents.

(4) A person (A) commits an offence if—

(a) A threatens to share a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state, and

(b) A does so—

(i) with the intention that B or another person who knows B will fear that the threat will be carried out, or

(ii) being reckless as to whether B or another person who knows B will fear that the threat will be carried out.

(5) Subsections (1) to (4) are subject to section 66C (exemptions).

(6) For the purposes of subsections (1) to (3) and section 66C(3)(b)—

(a) “consent” to the sharing of a photograph or film includes general consent covering the particular act of sharing as well as specific consent to the particular act of sharing, and

(b) whether a belief is reasonable is to be determined having regard to all the circumstances including any steps A has taken to ascertain whether B consents.

(7) Where a person is charged with an offence under subsection (4), it is not necessary for the prosecution to prove—

(a) that the photograph or film mentioned in the threat exists, or

(b) if it does exist, that it is in fact a photograph or film which shows or appears to show a person in an intimate state.

(8) It is a defence for a person charged with an offence under subsection (1) to prove that the person had a reasonable excuse for sharing the photograph or film.

(9) A person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding the maximum term for summary offences or a fine (or both).

(10) A person who commits an offence under subsection (2), (3) or (4) is liable—

(a) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding the general limit in a magistrates’ court or a fine (or both);

(b) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years.

(11) In subsection (9) “the maximum term for summary offences” means—

(a) if the offence is committed before the time when section 281(5) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 comes into force, six months;

(b) if the offence is committed after that time, 51 weeks.

(12) If on the trial of a person charged with an offence under subsection (2) or (3) a magistrates’ court or jury finds the person not guilty of the offence charged, the magistrates’ court or jury may find the person guilty of an offence under subsection (1).

(13) The Crown Court has the same powers and duties in relation to a person who is by virtue of subsection (12) convicted before it of an offence under subsection (1) as a magistrates’ court would have on convicting the person of the offence.

Sharing or threatening to share intimate photograph or film: exemptions(66C) (1) A person (A) who shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state does not commit an offence under section 66B(1), (2) or (3) if—

(a) the photograph or film was taken in a place to which the public or a section of the public had or were permitted to have access (whether on payment or otherwise),

(b) B had no reasonable expectation of privacy from the photograph or film being taken, and

(c) B was, or A reasonably believes that B was, in the intimate state voluntarily.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b), whether a person had a reasonable expectation of privacy from a photograph or film being taken is to be determined by reference to the circumstances that the person sharing the photograph or film reasonably believes to have existed at the time the photograph or film was taken.

(3) A person (A) who shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state does not commit an offence under section 66B(1), (2) or (3) if—

(a) the photograph or film had, or A reasonably believes that the photograph or film had, been previously publicly shared, and

(b) B had, or A reasonably believes that B had, consented to the previous sharing.

(4) A person (A) who shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person (B) in an intimate state does not commit an offence under section 66B(1) if—

(a) B is a person under 16,

(b) B lacks, or A reasonably believes that B lacks, capacity to consent to the sharing of the photograph or film, and

(c) the photograph or film is shared—

(i) with a healthcare professional acting in that capacity, or

(ii) otherwise in connection with the care or treatment of B by a healthcare professional.

(5) A person who shares a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, a child in an intimate state does not commit an offence under section 66B(1) if the photograph or film is of a kind ordinarily shared between family and friends.

(6) A person who threatens to share a photograph or film which shows, or appears to show, another person in an intimate state does not commit an offence under section 66B(4) if, by reason of this section, the person would not commit an offence under section 66B(1), (2) or (3) by sharing the photograph or film in the circumstances conveyed by the threat.

Sharing or threatening to share intimate photograph or film: interpretation(66D) (1) This section applies for the purposes of sections 66B and 66C.

(2) A person “shares” something if the person, by any means, gives or shows it to another person or makes it available to another person.

(3) But a provider of an internet service by means of which a photograph or film is shared is not to be regarded as a person who shares it.

(4) “Photograph” and “film” have the same meaning as in section 66A (see subsections (3) to (5) of that section).

(5) Except where a photograph or film falls within subsection (8), a photograph or film shows, or appears to show, another person in an intimate state if it shows or appears to show—

(a) the person participating or engaging in an act which a reasonable person would consider to be a sexual act,

(b) the person doing a thing which a reasonable person would consider to be sexual,

(c) all or part of the person’s exposed genitals, buttocks or breasts,

(d) the person in an act of urination or defecation, or

(e) the person carrying out an act of personal care associated with the person’s urination, defecation or genital or anal discharge.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (5)(c) the reference to all or part of a person’s “exposed” genitals, buttocks or breasts includes—

(a) a reference to all or part of the person’s genitals, buttocks or breasts visible through wet or otherwise transparent clothing,

(b) the case where all or part of the person’s genitals, buttocks or breasts would be exposed but for the fact that they are covered only with underwear, and

(c) the case where all or part of the person’s genitals, buttocks or breasts would be exposed but for the fact that they are obscured, provided that the area obscured is similar to or smaller than an area that would typically be covered by underwear worn to cover a person’s genitals, buttocks or breasts (as the case may be).

(7) In subsection (6)(c) “obscured” means obscured by any means, other than by clothing that a person is wearing, including, in particular, by an object, by part of a person’s body or by digital alteration.

(8) A photograph or film falls within this subsection if (so far as it shows or appears to show a person in an intimate state) it shows or appears to show something, other than breastfeeding, that is of a kind ordinarily seen in public.

(9) For the purposes of subsection (8) “breastfeeding” includes the rearranging of clothing in the course of preparing to breastfeed or having just finished breastfeeding.

What this provision means

Model summary, checked against the text on the left.

Relevance to Signicat: 1/3 · detailed summary (L4) Status: not needed for a short provision · Stored artifact; current recipe verification unavailable

Inserts sections 66B to 66D into the Sexual Offences Act 2003 penalising sharing or threatening to share intimate photographs or films.

Only the one-line summary above is stored for this provision; the text itself is the evidence.

Refers to

cross-reference internal_cite · s. 187

Referred to by

cross-reference internal_cite · s. 191

Part summaries

0 of 0 parts have a verified summary.

L1 unavailable for current verification: the overall summary needs every part verified. Provisions and the verified summaries remain readable.

Verification findings (639)

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synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-141

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-142

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-143

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-144

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-145

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-146

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-147

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-148

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-149

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-150

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-151

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 part-7-chapter-7

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-152

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-153

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-154

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-154A

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-155

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-156

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-157

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-158

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-159

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-160

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-161

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-162

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-163

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-164

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 part-7-chapter-8

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-165

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-166

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 part-8-chapter-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-167

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-168

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 part-8-chapter-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-169

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-170

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-171

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 part-9

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-172

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-173

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-174

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-175

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-176

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-177

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-178

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 part-10

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-179

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-180

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-181

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-182

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-183

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-184

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-185

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-186

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-187

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-188

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-189

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-190

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-191

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 part-11

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-192

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-193

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-194

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-195

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-196

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-197

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-198

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-199

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-200

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-201

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-202

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-203

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-204

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-205

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-206

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-207

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-208

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-209

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-210

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-211

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-212

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-213

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-214

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-214A

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-215

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-216

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-216A

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-217

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-217A

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-218

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 part-11

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-219

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-220

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-221

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-222

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-223

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-224

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-225

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 part-12

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-226

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-227

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-228

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-229

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-230

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-231

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-232

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-233

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-234

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-235

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-236

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-237

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-238

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-239

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-240

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#section-241

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-1-part-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-3

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-4

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-5

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-6

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-7

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-8

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-9

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-10

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-11

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-1-part-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-12

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-13

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-14

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-15

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-16

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-17

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-18

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-19

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-20

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-21

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-22

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-23

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-24

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-25

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-26

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-27

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-28

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-29

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-30

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-31

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-32

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-33

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-34

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-35

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-36

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-37

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-38

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-39

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-40

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-41

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-1-part-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-42

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-43

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-44

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-1-part-3

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-45

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-46

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-47

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-48

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-49

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-50

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-1-paragraph-51

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-2-paragraph-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-2-paragraph-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-2-paragraph-3

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-2-paragraph-4

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-2-paragraph-5

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-3-part-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-3

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-4

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-3-part-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-5

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-6

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-3-part-3

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-7

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-8

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-9

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-10

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-3-part-4n1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-11

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-12

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-13

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-14

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-3-part-5

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-15

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-16

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-17

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-18

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-19

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-20

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-3-part-4n2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-21

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-22

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-23

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-24

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-25

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-26

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-27

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-3-paragraph-28

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-4

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-3

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-4

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-5

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-6

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-7

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-8

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-9

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-10

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-11

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-12

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-13

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-14

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-15

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-4-paragraph-16

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-5

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-5-paragraph-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-5-paragraph-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-5-paragraph-3

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-5-paragraph-4

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-6-part-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-6-paragraph-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-6-paragraph-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-6-paragraph-3

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-6-paragraph-4

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-6-paragraph-5

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-6-paragraph-6

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-6-paragraph-7

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-6-paragraph-8

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-6-paragraph-9

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-6-part-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-6-paragraph-10

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-6-paragraph-11

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-6-paragraph-12

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-6-paragraph-13

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-7

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-2A

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-3

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-4

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-5

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-6

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-7

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-8

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-9

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-10

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-11

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-12

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-13

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-14

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-15

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-16

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-17

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-18

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-19

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-20

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-21

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-22

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-23

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-24

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-25

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-26

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-27

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-28

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-28A

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-7

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-29

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-30

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-31

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-32

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-33

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-34

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-35

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-36

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-37

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-38

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-7-paragraph-39

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-8-part-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-3

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-4

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-5

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-6

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-7

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-8

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-9

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-10

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-11

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-12

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-13

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-14

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-15

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-16

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-17

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-18

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-19

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-20

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-8-part-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-21

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-22

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-23

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-24

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-25

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-26

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-27

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-28

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-29

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-30

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-31

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-32

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-33

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-34

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-35

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-36

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-8-part-3

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-37

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-38

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-39

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-40

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-41

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-8-paragraph-42

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-9

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-9-paragraph-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-9-paragraph-2

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synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-12

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synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-13

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synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-14-part-1

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synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-32

Instrument tier unavailable

Change history as published

S. 209 omitted (25.7.2025) by virtue of Online Safety Act 2023 (c. 50), ss. 210(3)(a), 240(1); S.I. 2025/888, reg. 2

Sch. 7 para. 30 omitted (10.12.2024) by virtue of The Online Safety Act 2023 (Priority Offences) (Amendment) Regulations 2024 (S.I. 2024/1188), regs. 1(2), 2(3)

Sch. 16 omitted (25.7.2025) by virtue of Online Safety Act 2023 (c. 50), ss. 210(3)(b), 240(1); S.I. 2025/888, reg. 2 · repeated 7×

Pending effects amendments not yet applied to this text

s. 160(5)(d) words substituted by The Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 (Consequential Amendments and Transitional Provision) Regulations 2026 Sch. 2 para. 26(1)para. 26(2)(k) · Effective date unknown · s. 160

s. 226 applied by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 27(3)(a) · Effective date unknown · s. 226

s. 236(5)(6) applied by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 27(3)(b) · Effective date unknown · s. 236

Sch. 7 para. 29 words substituted by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 104(5)(a) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 7 para. 29

Sch. 7 para. 29(a)(b) substituted for words by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 104(5)(b) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 7 para. 29

Show all 24

Sch. 7 para. 29(c) inserted by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 106(7) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 7 para. 29

Sch. 7 para. 29(d) inserted by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 107(5) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 7 para. 29

s. 184 and cross-heading repealed by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 136(5) · Effective date unknown

s. 101(A1)(a) words inserted by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 247(3)(a) · Effective date unknown · s. 101

s. 102(5A)(c)(i)(ii) substituted for words by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 247(4) · Effective date unknown · s. 102

s. 66(1)(2) coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(a) · Effective date unknown · s. 66

s. 66(7)-(10) coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(b)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 66

s. 69 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(c)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 69

s. 100(6)(a)(iii) coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(d)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 100

s. 104(13)(a)(xii) coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(e)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 104

s. 120(2)(a) coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(f)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 120

s. 199 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 199

s. 200 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 200

s. 201 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 201

s. 202 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 202

s. 203 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 203

s. 204(2)-(4) coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 204

s. 205 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 205

Sch. 8 para. 12 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(h)(2) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 8 para. 12

Provenance

Every claim the system makes about this text is traceable to these identifiers.

Instrument: uk:ukpga/2023/50
Part: PART 10 Communications offences
Version: f801ecb26b0a4b5cb23fd0fb…
Content hash: sha256 2e5439170621c5d9983541e1…
Source: legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/50