Online Safety Act 2023 · PART 10 Communications offences

183 Offences of sending or showing flashing images electronically

s. 183 · in force: yes

Captured statutory text (L5)

183 Offences of sending or showing flashing images electronically

(1)A person (A) commits an offence if—

(a)A sends a communication by electronic means which consists of or includes flashing images (see subsection (13)),

(b)either condition 1 or condition 2 is met, and

(c)A has no reasonable excuse for sending the communication.

(2)Condition 1 is that—

(a)at the time the communication is sent, it is reasonably foreseeable that an individual with epilepsy would be among the individuals who would view it, and

(b)A sends the communication with the intention that such an individual will suffer harm as a result of viewing the flashing images.

(3)Condition 2 is that, when sending the communication—

(a)A believes that an individual (B)—

(i)whom A knows to be an individual with epilepsy, or

(ii)whom A suspects to be an individual with epilepsy,

will, or might, view it, and

(b)A intends that B will suffer harm as a result of viewing the flashing images.

(4)In subsections (2)(a) and (3)(a), references to viewing the communication are to be read as including references to viewing a subsequent communication forwarding or sharing the content of the communication.

(5)The exemptions contained in section 180 apply to an offence under subsection (1) as they apply to an offence under section 179.

(6)For the purposes of subsection (1), a provider of an internet service by means of which a communication is sent is not to be regarded as a person who sends a communication.

(7)In the application of subsection (1) to a communication consisting of or including a hyperlink to other content, references to the communication are to be read as including references to content accessed directly via the hyperlink.

(8)A person (A) commits an offence if—

(a)A shows an individual (B) flashing images by means of an electronic communications device,

(b)when showing the images—

(i)A knows that B is an individual with epilepsy, or

(ii)A suspects that B is an individual with epilepsy,

(c)when showing the images, A intends that B will suffer harm as a result of viewing them, and

(d)A has no reasonable excuse for showing the images.

(9)An offence under subsection (1) or (8) cannot be committed by a healthcare professional acting in that capacity.

(10)A person who commits an offence under subsection (1) or (8) is liable—

(a)on summary conviction in England and Wales, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding the general limit in a magistrates’ court or a fine (or both);

(b)on summary conviction in Northern Ireland, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum (or both);

(c)on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years or a fine (or both).

(11)It does not matter for the purposes of this section whether flashing images may be viewed at once (for example, a GIF that plays automatically) or only after some action is performed (for example, pressing play).

(12)In this section—

(a)references to sending a communication include references to causing a communication to be sent;

(b)references to showing flashing images include references to causing flashing images to be shown.

(13)In this section— “electronic communications device” means equipment or a device that is capable of transmitting images by electronic means; “flashing images” means images which carry a risk that an individual with photosensitive epilepsy who viewed them would suffer a seizure as a result; “harm” means— a seizure, or alarm or distress; “individual with epilepsy” includes, but is not limited to, an individual with photosensitive epilepsy; “send” includes transmit and publish (and related expressions are to be read accordingly).

Full captured verbatim text

(1) A person (A) commits an offence if—

(a) A sends a communication by electronic means which consists of or includes flashing images (see subsection (13)),

(b) either condition 1 or condition 2 is met, and

(c) A has no reasonable excuse for sending the communication.

(2) Condition 1 is that—

(a) at the time the communication is sent, it is reasonably foreseeable that an individual with epilepsy would be among the individuals who would view it, and

(b) A sends the communication with the intention that such an individual will suffer harm as a result of viewing the flashing images.

(3) Condition 2 is that, when sending the communication—

(a) A believes that an individual (B)—

(i) whom A knows to be an individual with epilepsy, or

(ii) whom A suspects to be an individual with epilepsy,

will, or might, view it, and

(b) A intends that B will suffer harm as a result of viewing the flashing images.

(4) In subsections (2)(a) and (3)(a), references to viewing the communication are to be read as including references to viewing a subsequent communication forwarding or sharing the content of the communication.

(5) The exemptions contained in section 180 apply to an offence under subsection (1) as they apply to an offence under section 179.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (1), a provider of an internet service by means of which a communication is sent is not to be regarded as a person who sends a communication.

(7) In the application of subsection (1) to a communication consisting of or including a hyperlink to other content, references to the communication are to be read as including references to content accessed directly via the hyperlink.

(8) A person (A) commits an offence if—

(a) A shows an individual (B) flashing images by means of an electronic communications device,

(b) when showing the images—

(i) A knows that B is an individual with epilepsy, or

(ii) A suspects that B is an individual with epilepsy,

(c) when showing the images, A intends that B will suffer harm as a result of viewing them, and

(d) A has no reasonable excuse for showing the images.

(9) An offence under subsection (1) or (8) cannot be committed by a healthcare professional acting in that capacity.

(10) A person who commits an offence under subsection (1) or (8) is liable—

(a) on summary conviction in England and Wales, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding the general limit in a magistrates’ court or a fine (or both);

(b) on summary conviction in Northern Ireland, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum (or both);

(c) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years or a fine (or both).

(11) It does not matter for the purposes of this section whether flashing images may be viewed at once (for example, a GIF that plays automatically) or only after some action is performed (for example, pressing play).

(12) In this section—

(a) references to sending a communication include references to causing a communication to be sent;

(b) references to showing flashing images include references to causing flashing images to be shown.

(13) In this section—

“electronic communications device” means equipment or a device that is capable of transmitting images by electronic means;

“flashing images” means images which carry a risk that an individual with photosensitive epilepsy who viewed them would suffer a seizure as a result;

“harm” means—

a seizure, or

alarm or distress;

“individual with epilepsy” includes, but is not limited to, an individual with photosensitive epilepsy;

“send” includes transmit and publish (and related expressions are to be read accordingly).

What this provision means

Model summary, checked against the text on the left.

Relevance to Signicat: 1/3 · detailed summary (L4) Status: not needed for a short provision · Stored artifact; current recipe verification unavailable

A person commits an offence by electronically sending or showing flashing images intending harm to an individual with epilepsy.

Only the one-line summary above is stored for this provision; the text itself is the evidence.

Refers to

cross-reference internal_cite · s. 179

cross-reference internal_cite · s. 180

cross-reference internal_cite · s. 183

Referred to by

cross-reference internal_cite · Sch. 14 para. 5

cross-reference internal_cite · s. 183

cross-reference internal_cite · s. 185

cross-reference internal_cite · s. 186

cross-reference internal_cite · s. 191

Part summaries

0 of 0 parts have a verified summary.

L1 unavailable for current verification: the overall summary needs every part verified. Provisions and the verified summaries remain readable.

Verification findings (639)

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synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-16-paragraph-7

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-17-part-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-1

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-2

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-17-part-2

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-3

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-4

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-5

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-6

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-7

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-8

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-9

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-10

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-11

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-12

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-13

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-17-part-3

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-14

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-15

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-16

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-17

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-18

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-19

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-20

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-21

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-22

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-23

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-24

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-25

synthesis coverage: missing/unverified L2 schedule-17-part-4

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-26

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-27

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-28

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-29

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-30

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-31

synthesis coverage: missing evaluation uk:ukpga/2023/50#schedule-17-paragraph-32

Instrument tier unavailable

Change history as published

S. 209 omitted (25.7.2025) by virtue of Online Safety Act 2023 (c. 50), ss. 210(3)(a), 240(1); S.I. 2025/888, reg. 2

Sch. 7 para. 30 omitted (10.12.2024) by virtue of The Online Safety Act 2023 (Priority Offences) (Amendment) Regulations 2024 (S.I. 2024/1188), regs. 1(2), 2(3)

Sch. 16 omitted (25.7.2025) by virtue of Online Safety Act 2023 (c. 50), ss. 210(3)(b), 240(1); S.I. 2025/888, reg. 2 · repeated 7×

Pending effects amendments not yet applied to this text

s. 160(5)(d) words substituted by The Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 (Consequential Amendments and Transitional Provision) Regulations 2026 Sch. 2 para. 26(1)para. 26(2)(k) · Effective date unknown · s. 160

s. 226 applied by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 27(3)(a) · Effective date unknown · s. 226

s. 236(5)(6) applied by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 27(3)(b) · Effective date unknown · s. 236

Sch. 7 para. 29 words substituted by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 104(5)(a) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 7 para. 29

Sch. 7 para. 29(a)(b) substituted for words by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 104(5)(b) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 7 para. 29

Show all 24

Sch. 7 para. 29(c) inserted by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 106(7) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 7 para. 29

Sch. 7 para. 29(d) inserted by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 107(5) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 7 para. 29

s. 184 and cross-heading repealed by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 136(5) · Effective date unknown

s. 101(A1)(a) words inserted by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 247(3)(a) · Effective date unknown · s. 101

s. 102(5A)(c)(i)(ii) substituted for words by Crime and Policing Act 2026 s. 247(4) · Effective date unknown · s. 102

s. 66(1)(2) coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(a) · Effective date unknown · s. 66

s. 66(7)-(10) coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(b)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 66

s. 69 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(c)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 69

s. 100(6)(a)(iii) coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(d)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 100

s. 104(13)(a)(xii) coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(e)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 104

s. 120(2)(a) coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(f)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 120

s. 199 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 199

s. 200 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 200

s. 201 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 201

s. 202 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 202

s. 203 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 203

s. 204(2)-(4) coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 204

s. 205 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(g)(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 205

Sch. 8 para. 12 coming into force by The Online Safety Act 2023 (Commencement No. 5) Regulations 2025 reg. 2(1)(h)(2) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 8 para. 12

Provenance

Every claim the system makes about this text is traceable to these identifiers.

Instrument: uk:ukpga/2023/50
Part: PART 10 Communications offences
Version: f801ecb26b0a4b5cb23fd0fb…
Content hash: sha256 e76d6e0e7f74cf04ddf641e5…
Source: legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/50